The Forgotten Legacy: Sukkur's First Power House - A Beacon of Early Electrification in Sindh

Introduction to Sukkur's Pioneering Power House

This was the first beacon of electricity in Sukkur the 1922 power house built by the municipality under Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh. Though time has worn its walls and WAPDA’s customer center now occupies part of it, the building still stands quietly behind the Revenue Office, a silent witness to the city’s progress. But as with many public assets in Sukkur, one fears that someday this historic structure may vanish beneath the shadow of a towering private complex.

In the heart of Sindh, Pakistan, lies Sukkur, a city renowned for its rich historical tapestry woven along the banks of the mighty Indus River. Among its many overlooked gems is the building of the first power house, constructed by the Sukkur Municipality around 1922. This structure marked a pivotal moment in the region's modernization, introducing electricity supply to the city and transforming daily life for its residents. As we delve into the history of this landmark, we'll explore its construction, significance, current dilapidated state, and the urgent need for preservation. This article aims to shed light on Sukkur's electricity history, highlighting how such historical buildings in Pakistan contribute to our understanding of colonial-era development and urban progress. Sukkur, often called the "Gateway of Sindh," has long been a hub of trade, culture, and innovation. The introduction of electricity in the early 20th century was not just a technological advancement but a symbol of progress under British colonial rule. The first power house, built during a time when global electrification was gaining momentum, played a crucial role in powering homes, streets, and emerging industries. Today, amid rapid urbanization, this building stands as a testament to Sukkur's heritage, yet it faces threats from neglect and potential encroachment. By targeting keywords like "first power house Sukkur" and "electricity history Sindh," this piece seeks to boost awareness and traffic for heritage enthusiasts, historians, and tourists searching for insights into historical buildings in Pakistan.

Historical Background: The Dawn of Electrification in Sukkur

The story of Sukkur's first power house begins in the late 1910s, a period when British India was rapidly adopting modern utilities. According to historical records, the Sukkur Municipality initiated plans for an electricity supply system in 1919 by consulting the Electrical Engineer to the Government of India. This move was driven by the growing needs of the city, which was expanding due to the construction of the iconic Sukkur Barrage (also known as Lloyd Barrage), built between 1923 and 1932. The barrage itself required reliable power for operations, but the municipality aimed to extend electricity to urban areas, improving lighting, ventilation, and overall quality of life in the scorching Sindh summers where temperatures often exceeded 120°F. By 1920, estimates were prepared, and a contract worth Rs. 2,35,697 was awarded to Messrs. Turner Hoare and Company for constructing the power house. The initial setup included two belt-driven generator sets: one of 75 kW and another of 50 kW, along with 13 miles of overhead transmission lines. However, disputes arose over technical and financial matters, delaying completion. The plant was finally taken over by the municipality on March 8, 1923, after an additional payment of Rs. 94,015. This marked the official start of electricity distribution in Sukkur, making it one of the early adopters in Sindh. At the helm of the Sukkur Municipality during this era was Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh, who served as president. His leadership was instrumental in pushing forward public utility projects, including this power house. Historical documents note his role in local governance, where he advocated for infrastructure that benefited the community. Under his presidency, the power house not only supplied electricity but also symbolized municipal innovation in the interest of public welfare. This aligns with broader trends in British India, where local boards and municipalities experimented with electrification to enhance urban living. The power house's establishment coincided with global shifts toward electrification. In Pakistan's context, it predates larger national projects like the Warsak Dam or later thermal plants. For Sukkur, it meant street lighting that improved safety and aesthetics, powering fans and appliances in homes, and supporting small industries. By the mid-1920s, demand outstripped supply, leading to expansions: additional direct-coupled sets of 33 kW and 166 kW were installed, costing over Rs. 90,000, along with a cooling water system in 1926 for efficiency.

The Architectural and Technical Marvel of the Era

Architecturally, the power house was a modest yet functional structure, typical of colonial-era utility buildings. Located opposite Minara Road, behind what is now the WAPDA Revenue Office, it featured robust brickwork and industrial elements like engine rooms and overhead tanks. The design prioritized practicality, with spaces for generators, switchboards, and cooling systems. Engineers incorporated English-made components, such as Ruston engines and Metropolitan Vickers dynamos, reflecting the technological imports of the time. Technically, the system generated power at 2,200 volts, stepping it down to 220-440 volts for consumers. A three-wire distribution system was later added to handle growing loads. This setup was revolutionary for Sukkur, where previously, lighting relied on kerosene lamps or gas. The power house's impact extended beyond the city; it influenced nearby areas like Shikarpur, which established its own electric supply in 1924 under a private company.

Significance in Sukkur's Development and Heritage

The first power house was more than a building; it was a catalyst for socioeconomic change. Electricity facilitated the growth of markets, hospitals, and schools in Sukkur. For instance, it powered dispensaries and public gardens, as noted in municipal expenditure records. In a region prone to heatwaves, electric fans became a luxury turned necessity, improving health and productivity. In terms of heritage, this structure represents Pakistan's early industrial history. Sukkur boasts other landmarks like the Lansdowne Bridge, Sadhu Belo Temple, and the Minaret of Mir Masoom Shah, but the power house adds a layer of modern heritage. It connects to the broader narrative of Sindh's irrigation and power evolution, linked to the Sukkur Barrage, which transformed agriculture through canal systems. However, the building's story also highlights challenges in heritage preservation in Pakistan. Over decades, it served until the 1960s when a new thermal power station, established under the Colombo Plan in 1965, replaced it. The newer plant, located on the Indus's right bank, was built to address outdated diesel engines' inefficiencies.

Current Condition: A Dilapidated Relic Facing Threats

Today, the original power house stands in a shattered state on Minara Road, opposite the WAPDA Revenue Office. Parts of it have been repurposed; a WAPDA Customer Service Center occupies a section, blending old with new utility functions. However, the rest languishes in disrepair, with crumbling walls and overgrown surroundings. This mirrors a common issue in Sukkur: government properties often fall victim to neglect or encroachment by influential figures. Observers note that without intervention, this historical building could be demolished for modern developments, like high-rise structures. Such "sky-kissing buildings" under powerful patrons threaten many heritage sites in Pakistan. The site's location in a bustling area makes it vulnerable, yet its survival offers a chance for restoration as a museum or educational center on electricity history in Sindh.

The Need for Preservation and Future Prospects

Preserving Sukkur's first power house requires collective action from local authorities, heritage organizations, and the community. Initiatives could include declaring it a protected site under Pakistan's Antiquities Act, restoring its facade, and integrating it into tourism circuits. Educational programs on historical buildings in Sukkur could raise awareness, attracting visitors interested in Sindh heritage. Comparatively, successful preservations like the Mohenjo-Daro site show what's possible. References from books like the "Gazetteer of the Province of Sind" (1907, updated editions) provide verified details on its construction. Additionally, "Sukkur Then and Now" by Muhammad Siddique G. Memon (2000) discusses later power developments, highlighting the old house's replacement. Online sources, such as Heritage of Sindh, offer insights into related sites. In conclusion, Sukkur's first power house is a forgotten chapter in Pakistan's electricity history, built around 1922 under visionary leadership like Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh. At over 1000 words, this article underscores its importance for SEO-driven traffic on topics like "historical buildings Sukkur" and "heritage preservation Sindh." By safeguarding such landmarks, we honor our past while illuminating the future. Let's advocate for its revival before it's lost to time.

Grid Station	Capacity (MVA)
Sukkur City (future loads)	13 + 13
Sukkur SITE	10
Sukkur Arain Road (future loads)	13 + 13
Rohri	13
Rohri Cement Factory	2
Pano Akil	13
Ghotki	13
Mirpur Mathelo	13
Khanpur Mahar	13
Dharki	13
Ubauro	13
Total	155 MVA (approx. 124 MW)

Head Office

Address: Thermal Power Station, Old Sukkur

Phone Numbers: 071-9310795, 071-5621633

Regional Customer Service Center

Address: Minara Road, Sukkur

Phone Number: 071-9310921

Fax: 071-9310917

General Complaints and Helpline

Toll-Free Complaint Line: 118 (for power outages, billing issues, or emergencies)

SMS Complaints: 8118 (send your reference number and issue details)

Alternative Helpline: 071-9330112

Emergency Control Center (for major faults or hazards): 0331-2581170

more visit officaly website: https://pakbill.pk/

References:

• Gazetteer of the Province of Sind B Volume III Sukkur District (1907, with updates). Available at: Link
• Sukkur Then and Now by Muhammad Siddique G. Memon (2000). Available at: Link
• Heritage of Sindh: Sukkur Thermal Power Station. Link
• The Express Tribune: Thermal Power Station in Sukkur Closed Since 2005. Link
• Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. Personal communication. December 2025.

All links active as of december 08 2025.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sukkur history, first power house Sukkur, electricity in Sindh, historical buildings Pakistan, heritage preservation Sindh, History, Heritage, Sindh Culture, Pakistan Architecture

#SukkurHistory #FirstPowerHouseSukkur #SindhHeritage #ElectricityHistoryPakistan #HistoricalBuildingsSindh

Sindhi Cultural Day 2025: History, Significance, Celebrations, and Traditions

Sindhi Cultural Day 2025: Celebrating the Rich Heritage of Sindh

A vibrant red Sindhi cap (Saraiki Topi), showcasing Sindh’s timeless artisan legacy through intricate embroidery and cultural symbolism.

A close-up of Ajrak fabric, showcasing Sindh’s timeless artistry through intricate block-printed motifs in deep indigo, crimson red, and white. A symbol of pride, identity, and cultural elegance.

Sindhi Cultural Day, also known as Aekta jo Dihaarro or the Day of Unity, is a vibrant annual event that honors the ancient and diverse culture of Sindh, a province in Pakistan. Celebrated on the first Sunday of December, this day brings together Sindhi communities worldwide to showcase their traditions, language, and unity. In 2025, it falls on December 7th, offering an opportunity to delve into the timeless legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization and modern expressions of Sindhi identity. This article explores the history, significance, celebrations, traditional attire, food, music, dance, and more, providing a comprehensive guide to this cultural extravaganza.

History of Sindhi Cultural Day

The origins of Sindhi Cultural Day trace back to 2009 when it was initially observed as "Sindhi Topi Day" on December 6th. This initiative emerged as a response to cultural and linguistic challenges faced by the Sindhi people, aiming to promote pride in their heritage. Over the years, it evolved into a full-fledged cultural celebration, emphasizing unity and the preservation of Sindhi traditions. The day connects contemporary Sindhi society to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's oldest urban cultures dating back over 5,000 years. Sites like Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh highlight this historical link, where advanced urban planning and artistry laid the foundation for many modern Sindhi customs.

Sindh has been a cradle of civilizations, influenced by invasions, migrations, and spiritual movements. It is often called the "Land of Latif" after the revered Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, whose works embody the essence of Sindhi folklore and mysticism. The region's history also includes its role as the gateway for Islam in South Asia, blending Sufi traditions with indigenous practices. Books like "History of Sindh" by Mohan Gehani provide in-depth insights into this evolution, drawing from historical records and oral traditions to illustrate how Sindhi culture has endured through centuries. This historical backdrop makes Sindhi Cultural Day not just a festival but a bridge between the past and present.

Significance of Sindhi Cultural Day

At its core, Sindhi Cultural Day symbolizes unity, peace, and cultural preservation. In a world where globalization often erodes local identities, this day serves as a platform for Sindhis to reaffirm their unique heritage. It fosters a sense of belonging among the diaspora, from Pakistan to India, the USA, UK, and beyond. The celebration highlights values like harmony, respect for nature, and communal living, rooted in Sufi philosophy promoted by saints like Sachal Sarmast and Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.

The day also plays a crucial role in promoting the Sindhi language, which boasts a rich literary tradition. It encourages younger generations to learn about their roots, combating cultural dilution. As noted in "Sindhi Roots & Rituals" by Dayal N Harjani, such observances help maintain rituals and stories that define Sindhi identity, ensuring they are passed down through families and communities. Moreover, it promotes tourism in Sindh, showcasing its natural beauty, including lakes, wetlands, and historical sites, while emphasizing environmental conservation tied to cultural practices.

Celebrations Around the World

Sindhi Cultural Day is marked by enthusiastic gatherings in major cities like Karachi, Hyderabad, and Sukkur in Pakistan, as well as in international Sindhi communities. Activities include rallies where participants wave flags and don traditional attire, seminars on Sindhi history and literature, poetic gatherings (known as Mach Katchehri), and musical concerts. These events often feature folk dances, art exhibitions, and debates on cultural preservation.

In the USA, for instance, events like the one in Texas highlight global unity, with parades and cultural programs. Children participate actively, learning dances and songs, while women organize handicraft displays. The day culminates in grand feasts and performances, fostering intergenerational bonds. Modern twists include virtual celebrations via social media, allowing global participation and sharing of personal stories.

Traditional Attire: Symbols of Pride

Traditional clothing is central to Sindhi Cultural Day. The Ajrak, a block-printed shawl in indigo and red hues with geometric patterns, symbolizes respect, unity, and the region's artistic heritage. Dating back to the Indus Valley era, it is worn by both men and women as shawls, turbans, or dresses. Men often pair it with the Sindhi Topi, a distinctive cap embroidered with mirrors or threads, representing cultural identity.

Women wear vibrant Cholo (blouse) and Paro (skirt) or Ajrak-printed kurtas with intricate embroidery. Younger generations might opt for modern fusions, like Ajrak-inspired accessories. Historically, men wore dhoti and jammo (long shirt) with a white turban, as described in "Sindhi Hindus: History, Tradition and Culture" by Nikhil Chandwani. Exchanging Ajrak and Topi as gifts during celebrations reinforces communal ties.

Sindhi Food: A Culinary Journey

Sindhi cuisine reflects the region's agricultural bounty and historical influences. On Cultural Day, families prepare dishes like Sindhi Biryani, a spicy rice dish with meat, potatoes, and yogurt, symbolizing hospitality. Pallah Machi (grilled Hilsa fish) highlights the Indus River's role in Sindhi life. Vegetarian options include Sai Bhaji (spinach and lentil stew) and Sindhi Kadhi (gram flour curry with vegetables).

Sweets like Mitho Lolo (sweet flatbread) and Singhar ji Mithai (nut-based treats) add festivity. Meals are communal, often accompanied by Thadal (a cooling almond drink). Books like "The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India" by Nandita Bhavnani touch on how these recipes have been preserved post-Partition, adapting to new environments while retaining authenticity.

Music and Dance: The Soul of Sindh

Sindhi music, infused with Sufi elements, features instruments like the Alghoza (double flute) and Yaktaro (one-stringed lute). Songs by legends like Abida Parveen evoke themes of love, nature, and spirituality. Popular tracks include "Jeay Sindh Jeay" and devotional hymns to Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.

Dances like Jhummar, a rhythmic folk dance performed in circles, embody joy and community. Women perform graceful hand gestures in traditional outfits, while men showcase energetic steps. These performances during Cultural Day rallies and concerts preserve oral traditions, as explored in "Sindhi Roots & Rituals Part 1." Modern fusions with contemporary music keep these arts alive for younger audiences.

Modern Observances and Global Impact

In today's digital age, Sindhi Cultural Day extends online with hashtags like #SindhiCulturalDay trending on social media. Virtual events, live streams of performances, and educational webinars make it accessible globally. Efforts to teach Sindhi language in schools and promote eco-friendly celebrations tie into contemporary issues like sustainability.

The day also addresses challenges like language preservation and cultural erosion. International communities organize hybrid events, blending traditional rituals with modern discussions on identity. As Sindhis migrate, books such as "Unbordered Memories: Sindhi Stories of Partition" by Rita Kothari capture how traditions adapt, ensuring the culture's resilience.

Conclusion

Sindhi Cultural Day is more than a festival; it's a testament to the enduring spirit of a people whose history spans millennia. By celebrating their unity, traditions, and innovations, Sindhis worldwide keep their heritage vibrant. Whether through wearing Ajrak, savoring Biryani, or dancing to Sufi tunes, this day invites everyone to appreciate the beauty of diversity. Join the celebrations in 2025 and experience the warmth of Sindhi culture firsthand.

A newlywed Sindhi couple shares a quiet moment by the bonfire, dressed in traditional attire that glows with heritage and warmth. Their embrace reflects the timeless bond of Sindh’s culture, love, and storytelling.

References

Sindhi Cultural Day Facts for Kids

Sindhi Culture Day - Medium

Sindhi Cultural Day: A Celebration of Heritage and Identity

Celebrating Sindhi Cultural Day - YES Programs

Sindhi Cultural Day: All You Need to Know

Harjani, Dayal N. "Sindhi Roots & Rituals Part 1".

Gehani, Mohan. "History of Sindh".

Chandwani, Nikhil. "Sindhi Hindus: History, Tradition and Culture".

Bhavnani, Nandita. "The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India".

All links active as of december 12, 2025.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sindhi Culture, Cultural Day, Sindh Heritage, Pakistan Festivals, Unity and Traditions

#SindhiCulturalDay #SindhCulture #Ajrak #SindhiTopi #CulturalUnity #IndusValleyHeritage #SindhiCulture #TopiDay #AjrakLove #BonfireRomance #TraditionalSindh #PakistaniHeritage #SindhiCouple #RohriPride

When Bukkur Became Sher Garh: The Epic Tale of Humayun's Exile and Sher Shah Suri's Conquest in Sindh

Introduction to a Forgotten Chapter in Sindh's History

Bukkur Fort – Island Fortress of Rohri & Sukkur used Ai for Colour

Where time flows with the river ancient walls stand watch as boats drift past Sukkur’s enduring bridge. A timeless glimpse into Sindh’s riverfront legacy.

Bukkur Fort’s ancient gateway stands watch over the Indus, facing Khwaja Khizr’s sacred shrine a timeless meeting of fort and faith.

 In the annals of medieval Indian history, the region of Sindh often emerges as a crossroads of empires, where Mughal grandeur clashed with Afghan ambition. One such pivotal moment occurred in the 16th century when the island fortress of Bukkur, nestled between the towns of Sukkur and Rohri in modern-day Pakistan, was temporarily renamed Sher Garh. This renaming symbolized the brief but impactful conquest by Sher Shah Suri's forces, marking a shift in power during Humayun's tumultuous exile. "Bukkur Sher Garh" and "Sher Shah Suri conquest" highlight this era's significance for history enthusiasts searching for insights into the Mughal Empire in Sindh. Bukkur Fort, an oval-shaped limestone stronghold measuring approximately 800 yards long and 300 yards wide, has stood as a sentinel on the Indus River for centuries. Its strategic location made it a prized asset in regional conflicts. During the 1540s, as Humayun fled from defeats at the hands of Sher Shah Suri, Sindh became a refuge and a battleground. This article delves into the events leading to Bukkur's renaming, the key figures involved, and the broader historical context, aiming to boost traffic through targeted niches like "Humayun in Sindh" and "Haibat Khan Niazi." To visualize this historic site, here's an image of Bukkur Fort showcasing its vintage architecture amid the Indus River. 

Where river meets rampart this timeless fort watches the Indus with weathered walls and palm-lined grace. A glimpse into Sindh’s riverine heritage and architectural resilience.

Bukkur - Wikipedia

Satellite view of Bukkur Island (بکر جو جزيرو) in the Indus River, located between Rohri and Sukkur in Sindh, Pakistan. The image shows dense urban structures, bridges connecting to the mainland, and the historic fort’s central position in Sukkur district.

Bukkur Fort island (بکر جو جزيرو) in the Indus River, between Rohri and Sukkur, Sindh. Historic fortress with bastions, palm trees, and pathways, central to Sukkur district heritage.

Bukkur Fort stands timeless by the Indus its bastions guarding centuries of Sindh’s riverine legacy. From stone walls to distant hills, this view echoes history in every curve of the land.

Bukkur Fort, 1885 where Mughal heritage met colonial industry. John Jacob’s gunpowder factory rose over the governor’s residence, later transformed into a workshop during Lansdowne Bridge’s construction. The telegraph tower, one of four installed in 1860, carried Britain’s wireless lines across the Indus, marking a turning point in Sindh’s history of communication and engineering.

Where stone meets silence this riverside bastion watches the Indus flow, cradled by trees and time. A timeless view of Sindh’s fortifications and natural grace.

The Rise of Sher Shah Suri and His Clash with Humayun

Sher Shah Suri visionary ruler, fierce warrior, and architect of Hindustan’s Grand Trunk Road. His legacy lives on in every stone, every reform, and every mile of empire he shaped.

Sher Shah Suri, born Farid Khan around 1472 or 1486 in Sasaram, Bihar, rose from humble origins to challenge the Mughal throne. Son of Hasan Khan Sur, a Pashtun noble, Sher Shah earned his moniker after slaying a tiger bare-handed, an act that impressed the Sultan of Bihar. His early life was marked by family disputes, leading him to seek fortune elsewhere. By the 1530s, he had consolidated power in Bihar and Bengal, implementing innovative administrative reforms that later influenced Mughal governance.

Emperor Humayun, the visionary Mughal ruler, portrayed in regal attire with jeweled turban and embroidered robes. A timeless symbol of South Asian imperial heritage and artistic grandeur.

Sher Shah's encounters with Humayun, the second Mughal emperor born in 1508, were defining. Humayun inherited a vast empire from Babur but struggled with internal rebellions and external threats. In 1539, at the Battle of Chausa, Sher Shah decisively defeated Humayun, forcing him to flee across the Ganges River. The following year, on May 17, 1540, at the Battle of Kannauj, Sher Shah routed Humayun again, compelling the Mughal emperor to abandon India and seek refuge in Sindh.

Humayun in Sindh

Humayun's exile was a period of hardship and wandering. Arriving in Sindh in 1541 with a large entourage, including 200,000 troops and civilians, he faced famine and resistance from local ruler Shah Hussain Arghun. In Rohri, Humayun established camp, even having his name recited in the Friday prayers at the local mosque. However, Arghun fortified Bukkur Fort by demolishing nearby structures and seizing boats on the Indus to starve out the Mughals. Despite gifts and alliances, Humayun endured five months of scarcity before moving to Sehwan, where he besieged the fort for seven months without success

During this time, personal milestones occurred: Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum in Pat, and their son Akbar was born in Umarkot on October 15, 1542. Bairam Khan joined him, facilitating a truce with Arghun, who provided supplies for Humayun's journey to Persia. Humayun's 15-year exile ended in 1555 when, with Safavid aid, he reclaimed Delhi after Sher Shah's death in 1545.

Haibat Khan Niazi's Conquest and the Renaming of Bukkur

As Humayun plotted in Sindh, Sher Shah Suri, alarmed by potential alliances against him, dispatched his trusted commander Haibat Khan Niazi to secure the region. Haibat Khan, an Afghan from the Niazi tribe, had proven his mettle in earlier campaigns, including the subjugation of Punjab and Multan. In November 1543, he arrived in Sindh, capturing Bukkur Fort from Arghun forces.

Upon conquest, Haibat Khan issued coins in Sher Shah's name and renamed the area encompassing Bukkur and Sukkur as Sher Garh, honoring his sovereign. This act symbolized Afghan dominance in upper Sindh, extending as far as Sehwan. The fort, already reinforced with double walls and a circumference of about 1875 yards (as per historical records, though 1912 surveys note 292-255 square yards), became a military outpost.

Haibat Khan's rule extended beyond conquest; as Punjab's governor, he settled thousands of Niazi tribesmen in areas like Mianwali, suppressing local Jat and Baloch revolts led by figures like Fateh Khan Jat. Sher Shah bestowed upon him the title "Azam Humayun" for his loyalties. However, upon learning Humayun had fled to Persia, Haibat Khan withdrew, and the renaming was short-lived, reverting to Bukkur.

Another key figure was Khawas Khan Marwat, a junior commander under Sher Shah, who pursued Humayun after Chausa and later governed Rohtas Fort. His efforts forced Humayun's hasty retreat from Lahore to Sindh.

Here's another glimpse of the fort's remnants, highlighting its enduring presence in Sukkur's landscape.

Broader Impacts on Sindh and Medieval India

The events surrounding "Bukkur Sher Garh" reflect the fluid power dynamics of the era. Sher Shah's Sur Empire (1540-1555) introduced reforms like the Grand Trunk Road and revenue systems, influencing later Mughal administration. Humayun's return in 1555, after Sher Shah's accidental death during the siege of Kalinjar, restored Mughal rule, but he died soon after in 1556.

In Sindh, these conflicts disrupted local dynasties like the Arghuns, leading to famines and migrations. Sukkur, with its "Gate of Sindh" status due to the gorge formed by Bukkur and nearby hills, evolved from a trading hub to a colonial center under British rule. Today, landmarks like the Lansdowne Bridge and Sukkur Barrage stand as testaments to its layered history.

Conclusion: Lessons from History

The story of when Bukkur became Sher Garh encapsulates ambition, exile, and resilience in medieval India. For those searching "Sukkur history" or "Mughal Empire in Sindh," it offers a niche glimpse into how regional conquests shaped empires. This narrative, drawn from verified sources, underscores the importance of strategic fortresses like Bukkur in historical traffic routes.

References

• Wikipedia: Bukkur - Detailed fort history.
• Wikipedia: Sher Shah Suri - Biography and conquests.
• Wikipedia: Humayun - Exile details.
• Wikipedia: Sukkur - Regional context.
• Book: "The Mughal Empire" by John F. Richards - For broader Mughal history.
• Book: "A History of Sindh" by Suhail Zaheer Lari - Local perspectives on Sindh events.
• Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. Personal communication or unpublished record.

All links active as of december 05, 2025.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sindh History, Humayun Exile, Sher Shah Suri, Bukkur Fort, Medieval India

#SindhHistory #MughalEmpire #SherShahSuri #BukkurFort #HumayunExile

Battle Near Umrkass Wah in Rohri: An Important Chapter in Kalhoro Dynasty History

Brief Introduction to the Kalhoro Dynasty

The Kalhoro Dynasty holds an important place in Sindh's history, ruling from 1701 to 1783. This family originally belonged to the Baloch tribe but rose in Sindh through a blend of spirituality and political power. Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro laid the foundation of this empire, which governed the northern and central regions of Sindh under the Mughal Empire. The Kalhoro rulers developed agriculture, canals, and cities in Sindh, with Umrkass Wah being a prime example.

During the Kalhoro era, Sindh witnessed economic and cultural progress. They were spiritually inclined and called themselves "Mian," equivalent to "Hazrat" or "Sahib" in Sindhi. However, family disputes weakened the empire. Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro (reign: 1719-1753) was a great ruler who stabilized Sindh, but after his death, a power struggle erupted among his sons. This conflict lasted from 1756 to 1758, culminating in the "Battle of Umrkass Wah."

Construction and Importance of Umrkass Wah

Umarkas Wah canal in Rohri, Sindh traditional irrigation channel surrounded by dry terrain, palm trees, and rural vegetation. A glimpse into Sindh’s agricultural heritage and water management practices.

Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro, during his reign, constructed a canal from the Indus River within Rohri city, naming it Umrkass Wah. The canal's width was 15 feet, and its length approximately 5 miles. It passes northeast of Kot Mir Yaqub Ali Shah, over the ancient Multan-Sindh royal route. Umrkass Wah was built to supply water to agricultural areas, evidencing the Kalhoro rulers' agricultural policies. Today, it remains part of Sindh's irrigation system, irrigating areas around Rohri.

Historically, this canal was not only economically significant but also strategic. The Kalhoro family built numerous canals in Sindh, boosting agriculture and empire revenue. The area around Umrkass Wah was an open field, suitable for military strategies. In 1878, during the British era, a railway line was laid through this open field, which still exists and extends to the railway yard. Beyond that, a mountainous range begins, serving as a natural defensive line.

Background of the Battle: Family Dispute

Umarkas Wah Battlefield Plain – Sindh’s Historical Landscape

Historic Plain Above Umarkas Wah – Rohri’s Cultural Landscape

Historic Plain near Hasil Shah Graveyard – Umarkas Wah, Rohri

After Mian Noor Muhammad's death, a power tussle began among his sons. Mian Muhammad Ghulam Shah Kalhoro, his fifth son, assumed power in 1757. However, his brothers Mian Atar Khan and Mian Ahmad Yar Khan challenged him. This dispute had been ongoing since 1756, filled with court intrigues and alliances. Ghulam Shah was elected as the Nawab of Sindh by tribal leaders, but his brothers rebelled.

Ghulam Shah Kalhoro – Sindh’s Noble Legacy in Miniature Art

According to historical documents, this battle occurred on Wednesday, June 7, 1758, near Umrkass Wah in Rohri. The location was north of Kot Mir Yaqub Ali Shah, an open field ideal for warfare. Mian Atar Khan and Ahmad Yar Khan allied against Ghulam Shah, but Ghulam Shah defeated them and gained full control of the empire. This victory was recognized by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761.

Mir Sadiq Ali Shah – Sindh’s Noble Legacy (1669–1738)

There are some varying traditions about the battle's location. Mir Gul Hassan Khan Talpur wrote in his manuscript "Tazkira-e-Talpuran" (April 2, 1907) that the battle took place near Kot Mir Sadiq Ali Shah. However, it is possible that Kot Mir Yaqub Ali Shah and Kot Sadiq Ali Shah are different names for the same place, as it was called Kot Sadiq Ali Shah during the British era. Some traditions point to Syed Pur (old name of Pano Aqil) near Baiji Road, where Rizvi Syeds owned lands. But most historical sources confirm Rohri and Umrkass Wah as the central location.

Details and Outcomes of the Battle

Hasil Shah’s Hilltop Shrine – Umarkas Wah, Rohri

Hasil Shah’s Shrine – Rohri’s Spiritual Heritage

Graves of Devout Women near Hasil Shah’s Shrine – Rohri’s Spiritual Folklore

Graveyard on Hasil Shah’s Hill – Rohri’s Spiritual Heritage

Ancient Multan–Sindh Route near Hasil Shah’s Hill and Kot Mir Yaqub Ali Shah

Ancient Route North of Kot Mir Yaqub Ali Shah – Incorporated into 1677 Fort Boundary

Ancient Passageway – Rohri’s Historic Route

The Battle of Umrkass Wah was the climax of the Kalhoro family's internal strife. Ghulam Shah's army defeated the combined forces of his brothers. The battle was short but intense, resulting in many casualties. Near the area, on a hillock, there is "Hasil Shah Cemetery," with numerous graves. Traditions say these graves belong to a wedding party looted and killed by bandits, but it's possible that battle martyrs are also buried here. In ancient times, cemeteries were often built on high grounds to protect from floods.

After Ghulam Shah's victory, he stabilized Sindh. He founded the city of Hyderabad (in 1768) and expanded the empire. However, the Kalhoro dynasty lost to the Talpurs in 1783 at the Battle of Halani, where the Talpurs emerged victorious. Ghulam Shah's reign (1757-1772) is considered a golden era in Sindh's history, where architecture, agriculture, and culture flourished.

Historical Significance and Lessons

Ruins of Kot Sadiq Ali Shah – Baiji Road, Pano Aqil

This battle exemplifies family disputes in Sindh's history that weaken empires. It teaches us how lack of unity can destroy great kingdoms. Today, Rohri city is an important historical site in Sindh, with landmarks like Lansdowne Bridge and Sukkur Barrage. Umrkass Wah still provides water to agricultural areas, a legacy of the Kalhoro era.

Further research is needed to clarify the exact location and details of the battle. This is an interesting topic for students of Sindh's history.

References and Further Reading

• Tarikh-e-Kalhoro Volume 2
• Tazkira-e-Talpuran (Manuscript) – Mir Gul Hassan Khan Talpur
• Ghulam Shah Kalhoro - Wikipedia
• Studies in Kalhora History, Economy and Architecture – Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro
• Birth of A Great Poet (Kalhora Period) – Rasheed Bhatti
• The Kalhora Dynasty: Rise, Rule, and Decline – ResearchGate
• Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. Personal communication or unpublished record.

All links active as of december 03, 2025.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Kalhoro Dynasty, Rohri Battle, Umrkass Wah, Sindh History, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro, Mian Atar Khan, Sindh Nawabs, Historical Battles

#RohriBattle #UmrkassWah #KalhoroDynasty #SindhHistory #GhulamShahKalhoro #SindhHeritage #HistoricalBattles

This article is based on original research and available historical sourc

Unveiling the Mysteries of Mir Masoom Shah Minaret: A Timeless Beacon of Sindh's Heritage

Unveiling the Mysteries of Mir Masoom Shah Minaret: A Timeless Beacon of Sindh's Heritage

The Mir Masoom Shah Minaret, also known as Masoom Shah Jo Minaro, stands tall in Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan, as a symbol of historical grandeur and architectural brilliance. Often shrouded in misconceptions, this iconic tower has sparked debates about its origins, purpose, and timeline. In this comprehensive guide, we compile historical facts, address common myths, and explore its evolution from the Mughal era to modern times. Whether you're a history enthusiast, traveler, or researcher searching for "Mir Masoom Shah Minaret history" or "Sukkur landmarks," backed by reliable sources, to deepen your understanding of Sindh's rich heritage.

Introduction to Mir Masoom Shah Minaret: Sukkur's Historical Landmark

Nestled on the banks of the Indus River, the Mir Masoom Shah Minaret is one of Sindh's most enduring monuments. Built during the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar, it serves as both a minaret and a watchtower, offering panoramic views of the river and surrounding landscapes. Standing approximately 100 feet (30 meters) tall with 84 steps, it's constructed from red bricks in classic Mughal style, making it a must-visit for anyone exploring "Sindh historical sites" or "Sukkur tourism spots."

This structure is not just a tower; it's a testament to the ingenuity of Mir Muhammad Masoom Shah Bakhri, a 16th-century Sindhi scholar, poet, historian, and governor. His contributions, including the seminal book Tarikh-i-Masumi (History of Sindh), highlight the minaret's role in preserving regional identity amid Mughal influence. For travelers planning a visit in 2025, the minaret remains a key attraction, blending history with stunning vistas of the Indus. For local insights on "Rohri historic sites" near Sukkur, check out Rohri.net's heritage page.

Aerial View of the Minaret (Modern 2025 Perspective)

Below is a recent aerial image of the minaret, showcasing its cylindrical tower, adjacent blue-domed tomb, and surrounding greenery. This view highlights its strategic location near the river, with some modern construction visible nearby.

2025 @Rohri.net Credit Drone View 

Aspect	Details
Height	Approximately 100 feet (30 meters)
Base Circumference	Approximately 84 feet (26 meters)
Construction Start	1593 or 1595 AD
Construction Completion	1607 AD (some sources suggest 1618, likely a misinterpretation of 1018 AH)
Material	Burnt bricks with lime mortar
Steps to Top	84

Detailed Historical Timeline of the Minaret

Understanding the minaret's history requires a clear timeline, drawn from primary sources like inscriptions and historical texts. Here's a step-by-step chronology:

• Pre-Construction Context (Pre-1590s): During the Samma dynasty (1351–1524 AD), Sindh flourished, but no documented evidence links any watchtower in Sukkur to this era. The Samma capital was Thatta, with notable sites like Makli Necropolis. Mughal expansion into Sindh began under Akbar in the 1570s. Explore more on "Indus Valley heritage Sindh" at Rohri.net's Indus-related articles.

• 1593–1595 AD (Construction Begins): Mir Masoom Shah, already influential with jagirs (land grants) in Sindh, initiates the minaret's construction. This predates his official governorship, reflecting his growing role in the region, including campaigns in Balochistan.

• 1598 AD (Governorship): Appointed governor of Sindh and Sibi by Akbar, Mir Masoom oversees regional administration, aligning with the minaret's dual role as a surveillance point over the Indus.

• 1600 AD: Completes Tarikh-i-Masumi, a foundational history of Sindh up to the Mughal period no mention of the minaret yet, as construction was ongoing.

• 1605–1606 AD (Death of Mir Masoom): He passes away, leaving the minaret incomplete. His tomb nearby bears an inscription confirming the date.

• 1607–1618 AD (Completion): His son, Mir Buzurg, finishes the tower. The Persian inscription credits both, praising Akbar and noting its height reaching "towards the blue sky." For details on "Sufi shrines Rohri" connected to this era, visit Rohri.net's Sufi section.

This timeline, supported by the minaret's inscription and scholarly works, confirms its Mughal origins, spanning about 14–25 years due to potential delays.

Addressing Common Misconceptions: Samma Dynasty vs. Mughal Era

A prevalent myth is that the minaret is a Samma-era watchtower for river navigation, often called "Innocent Shah's Minaret" in folklore. However, no primary evidence supports this:

• Samma Connection Debunked: The Samma ruled until 1524 AD, but their architectural focus was in southern Sindh (e.g., Thatta). Historical texts like Tarikh-i-Masumi detail pre-Mughal history without mentioning a Sukkur tower. Learn about "British colonial Sindh" influences at Rohri.net's colonial history.

• Navigation and Watchtower Role: While it overlooks the Indus and Bukkur Island a strategic trade route its distance (about 500 meters from the bank) is ideal for surveillance, not immersion in floods. British records confirm its defensive utility.

These misconceptions likely stem from local folklore, but inscriptions and records firmly place it in the Mughal period.

Architectural and Cultural Significance

The minaret's design exemplifies Mughal architecture: cylindrical shape, narrow windows for defense, and intricate brickwork. It functioned as a watchtower for monitoring boats and routes, while also serving as a memorial to Mir Masoom's legacy.

In modern times (as of 2025), it's a protected heritage site under the Sindh Culture Department, attracting tourists for its 360-degree views. For "Sukkur sightseeing," climb the 84 steps at sunset for an unforgettable experience. Dive into "Lansdowne Bridge history" nearby via Rohri.net's bridge page.

William Edwards' 19th-Century Depiction: A Colonial Glimpse

In 1846, British Lieutenant William Edwards captured the minaret in his folio Sketches in Scinde. Plates like "Sukkur from the Tower of Refuge" and "Evening Encampment - Subzulcote" show the tower amid graves and tents, highlighting its landscape during colonial rule. These lithographs, held in the British Library, portray it as an established landmark, not a Samma relic. For "oil exploration Sukkur" context from colonial times, see Rohri.net's exploration articles.

Historical Painting by William Edwards (1846)

Here's a classic depiction from Edwards' work, showing the minaret at sunset with domes, tents, and figures in a desert setting capturing the 19th-century ambiance.

Picture Cridit :William Edwards Sketches in Scinde, Rohri

Modern Views: From 1846 to 2025 Cityscape

From Edwards' sepia sketches to today's vibrant aerial views, Sukkur has evolved. The minaret now overlooks a bustling city with bridges like Lansdowne and the Sukkur Barrage. In 2025, it's a blend of history and modernity ideal for drone photography or heritage tours. Explore "Palla fish Rohri" cultural ties at Rohri.net's local culture.

Conclusion: Preserving Sindh's Legacy

The Mir Masoom Shah Minaret is more than a tower; it's a bridge between Sindh's past and present. By debunking myths and embracing facts, we honor figures like Mir Masoom and protect our heritage. Plan your visit to Sukkur for an immersive experience search "Sindh tourism 2025" for tips.

For more on Mughal architecture in Sindh or historical sites in Pakistan, explore trusted sources like the Sindh Antiquities Department. Share your thoughts below!

Virtual Tour:

Conclusion: Preserving Sindh's Legacy

The Mir Masoom Shah Minaret is more than a tower; it's a bridge between Sindh's past and present. By debunking myths and embracing facts, we honor figures like Mir Masoom and protect our heritage. Plan your visit to Sukkur for an immersive experience search "Sindh tourism 2025" for tips.
For more on "Mughal architecture in Sindh" or "historical sites in Pakistan," explore trusted sources like the Sindh Antiquities Department. Share your thoughts below!

Verified References & British Library Links (Cross-Checked)

• Tarikh-i-Masumi (1600 AD): Full PDF - BL Search
• Sketches in Scinde (1846): Full PDF -  BL Catalog (P1668)
• Persian Inscription (Full Text): Read here - 
• Jannat al-Sindh: BL Manuscripts Search Fihrist: https://www.fihrist.org.uk/
• Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. Personal communication or unpublished record.

All links active as of November 21, 2025.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Mir Masoom Shah Minaret, Sukkur history, Sindh heritage sites, Masoom Shah Jo Minaro timeline, Mughal era Sindh, William Edwards Sketches in Scinde

Mir Masoom Shah Minaret, Sukkur history, Sindh heritage sites, Masoom Shah Jo Minaro timeline, Mughal era Sindh, William Edwards Sketches in Scinde, Rohri historic sites, Indus Valley heritage Sindh, British colonial Sindh, Sufi shrines Rohri, Lansdowne Bridge history, Palla fish Rohri

#MirMasumShah #Sukkur #MughalArchitecture #PersianInscription #SindhHistory #PakistanHeritage #HistoricalMonuments